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Refinery Damage and Emergency Response in the 1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake

Gayle Johnson

Proceedings of Prevetion First Symposium 2002

2002

In the early morning hours of August 17, 1999, an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 struck, within a few miles of major petrochemical facilities on Izmit Bay. The earthquake was a major catastrophe, with a death count of approximately 18,000 officially, and > 40,000 unofficially.

Turkey’s largest refinery, designed and built by U.S. companies, experienced major structural collapses and oil spills. The refinery made international news because of fires that burned out of control for more than 3 days, forcing evacuation of areas where search and rescue missions were still taking place.

The author was a member of the U.S. investigative team, sponsored by FEMA and the NSF and spent 10 days in Turkey immediately after the earthquake. This paper presents damage observed as well as findings from follow-up visits. Detailed descriptions are presented of the emergency response to the fires. This earthquake is particularly important because it is probably the first time that a major earthquake has struck so close to large refineries and chemical plants.

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